Friday, December 02, 2005

The Future of the Brain

Picower Institute for Learning and Memory held a major scientific symposium entitled "The Future of the Brain" on Dec. 1, 2005. The seminar focused on the future of neuroscience research. MIT president Susan Hockfield opened the day's discussion.

The morning session featured talks by five Nobel Laureates, including Susumu Tonegawa, Director of Picower Institute, and James D. Watson. The afternoon session "Change your mind" focused on the impact of Neuroscience on learning and memory on human health. The second session in the afternoon, entitled "Expand your Mind," looked at the relationship between the human brain and mind.

You can view the entire event here using RealPlayer. Morning Session ( approximately 3:35) Afternoon Session (approximately 3:15 hours) MIT opens the world's largest neuroscience research center

On Friday afternoon, Dec. 2, MIT officially opened the new Brain and Cognitive Sciences Complex (BCS), the largest neuroscience research center in the world. The complex will advance MIT's efforts to address one of the significant scientific challenges of the 21st century: the understanding of the human brain and mind.
For the first time in history, we now possess the research tools to fully understand the complexities of human consciousness and to find cures for diseases like Alzheimer's and autism," commented MIT President Susan Hockfield. "These spectacular new facilities will allow MIT scientists to take advantage of the intellectual opportunities offered by new technologies and to realize the full promise of neuroscience for human health and behavior.
read more http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2005/bcs-dec2.html

Saturday, November 05, 2005

Neuroscientists break code on sight

By Cathryn M. Delude, MIT News Office Correspondent, November 3, 2005

In the sci-fi movie "The Matrix," a cable running from a computer into Neo's brain writes in visual perceptions, and Neo's brain can manipulate the computer-created world. In reality, scientists cannot interact directly with the brain because they do not understand enough about how it codes and decodes information.

Now, neuroscientists in the McGovern Institute at MIT have been able to decipher a part of the code involved in recognizing visual objects. Practically speaking, computer algorithms used in artificial vision systems might benefit from mimicking these newly uncovered codes.

The study, a collaboration between James DiCarlo's and Tomaso Poggio's labs, appears in the Nov. 4 issue of Science.

"We want to know how the brain works to create intelligence," said Poggio, the Eugene McDermott Professor in Brain Sciences and Human Behavior. "Our ability to recognize objects in the visual world is among the most complex problems the brain must solve. Computationally, it is much harder than reasoning." Yet we take it for granted because it appears to happen automatically and almost unconsciously.

read more in http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2005/visualcode.html

Sunday, October 16, 2005

Consciousness and Mathematics

What differentiates us from other species (birds, animals, insects, fish, etc.)?

Is it the look and feel, the intelligence, or the ability to adapt the environment to suit our needs rather than adapting to the environment?

The answer lies in one single word. The most dreaded subject we learned in our school.

"Mathematics"
Mathematics is the language of science. Should we say the language of a highly developed consciousness? It is the only Universal language; you can even talk to an Alien civilization using mathematics.

"An equation means nothing to me unless it expresses a thought of God."
- Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887 – 1920)

"Equations are more important to me because politics is for the present, but an equation is something for eternity."
- Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955)

So, our ability to understand simple counting to complex equations makes us different from other species.
As Ramanujan expressed – "God must be a mathematician then." Math is ingrained in our everyday life even though we are unaware of it.

0101101000100000010010010101011001010111001000000100111101001100
0101010001001100001000000100011101010010010011010010000001010110
0101101001011000010100110010000001001001010101100100100001000110
01001111010001110010000001000111010001100100110101010110

The above zeros and ones look like a lovely pattern. However, it could be your email getting transmitted across the globe. The above data is represented using the binary number system (Computers use the binary number system). There is a hidden message in the above zeros, so see if you can decode the message. 

Clues to decode the message
- I used a cipher, which was used in the biblical times.
- The total number of words in the message equals a Fibonacci number


The following table shows two interesting number sequences in mathematics. These Sequences have a lot of impact on our daily life and our surroundings.

Two interesting number sequences

Fibonacci Numbers: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597.......
Prime Numbers: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61…........


Now, let us look at some of the wonders/puzzles of mathematics. It includes the Fibonacci Number and golden Ratio, the Number ZeroPi, the Imaginary number, and the Infinite number (read more about these 5 Numbers by Simon Singh). Among these, the Fibonacci number is considered part of Nature.

Fibonacci Series

Leonardo da Pisa (aka Leonardo Fibonacci), an Italian mathematician (1175-1250), introduced the Hindu-Arabic number system to Europe, the method we use today with a ten-digit decimal system with the symbol for zero. He discovered a number series where you add the previous two values to get the new value, later known as the Fibonacci series. He wrote a famous book 'Liber Abaci' on how to do arithmetic using the decimal system in 1202.

Here are some interesting facts about the Fibonacci number related to Nature. Let us look closely at flowers; the interesting point is that the number of petals on a flower is often one of the Fibonacci numbers.

1 petal white calla lily flower, 2 petals euphorbia flower are rare, 3 petals trillium flowers are common, Hundred of species of 5 petals columbine flower in wild and cultivated, 8 petals bloodroot flowers are not common but there quite several species, 13 petals black-eyed Susan. The daisy family's outer ring of ray florets also illustrates the Fibonacci sequence. Daisies with 13, 21, 34, 55, or 89 petals are expected. 21 petals Shasta daisy flower. Ordinary field daisies have 34 petals. (
Read more).

Golden Ratio (Phi = 1.618033988749894….)

If you divide any Fibonacci number by the previous number, you will get a ratio of around 1.618… It occurs in Nature at a golden angle of 137.5 degrees (360-360/phi). Take any leaves on a plant; the growth of the leaves on a stem follows a spiral path to the top at an angle of 137.5 degrees. This angle helps the leaves maximize their exposure to sunlight and minimize the shadow it casts on other leaves. Euclid defined the Golden ratio around 300 BC. Luca Pacioli, the 15th-century Italian mathematician, equated the Golden Ratio with the incomprehensibility of God. The most surprising case for the Golden Ratio is its association with Black Holes, a discovery made by Paul Davies of the University of Adelaide in 1989 (read the article '
The Golden Rule').
The golden ratio governs the nautilus shell's (cross-section is shown on the left side) growth pattern of its chambers. The Greeks incorporated the Golden Ratio into their Art and Architecture – many of their building, including the Parthenon, are considered antiquity's most perfect structure.
Prime Number

Every positive number is either a prime number or a by-product of Primes. However, it's been ages since we hunted for the formula to predict the prime numbers, and the complete procedure to predict the prime numbers still eludes us. Following are the effects of finding the formula to predict prime numbers.
- The collapse of current cryptography (Public / Private Key Infrastructure) standards (used in SSL / TLS).

- The collapse of Internet Secure Communications (Banking and Credit Card transactions)

Nature & Mathematics

After looking at the above 3 Numbers (Fibonacci, Golden Ratio, Prime), it is interesting to know that Nature still hides a lot of information from us or rather gives subtle clues for us to discover the ultimate truth, and mathematics is one of the critical science which helps us to understand the mysteries of the Nature.

So, as a species, our ability to understand Nature is far superior to other species.

What is the next level of our consciousness? Is it nirvana? Or perfection from the scientific point of view? Are there any species that have achieved the next level of consciousness?

Imagine an entire society in a state of nirvana!

A state where science is frozen while the self blends with the Oneness.

"The reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself. Therefore, all progress depends on the unreasonable."
- George Bernard Shaw (1856 - 1950)


Glossary
Prime NumberA Prime Number is a positive integer not divisible without a remainder by any positive integer other than itself and one. Examples. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, and 13 are Primes.
Mersenne PrimeNamed after the French Monk and mathematician Marin Mersenne, born in 1588. He investigated a particular type of Prime Number 2P-1, where P is an ordinary prime number.
Fibonacci NumberThe Fibonacci number is a series generated by adding the two preceding numbers. Example. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, etc. Dividing a Fibonacci number by a previous one. For Example., 21/13 or 8/5 results in an answer close to 1.61803, known as a Golden Ratio. 
Golden Ratio1.618033988749894848204586834365638117720……. This unique number represents the Golden ratio, denoted by the Greek letter Phi. The digits of the Golden ratio go on forever without repeating.
PiPi represents the number 3.14159265… which is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. An irrational number that cannot be expressed as the ratio of two whole numbers and has a random decimal string of infinite length.



Further Reading
Internet
1. Plus Magazine –
The Life and Numbers of Fibonacci
2. Guardian UK – The Golden Rule
3. Wolfram Research – Fibonacci Number
4. Math Forum – Fibonacci Number and the Golden Ratio
5. American Scientist – Did Mozart use the Golden Section?
6. Web – The Mathematical Magic of the Fibonacci Numbers
7. Web – Fibonacci Number & Golden Ratio in Art, Architecture & Music
8. Web – The Golden Mean in Art (Leonardo Da Vinci)
9. Answers.Com – Fibonacci Numbers
10. Answers.com – Golden Ratio
11. Web – The Golden Ratio
12. BBC – 5 Numbers by Simon Singh
13. Wolfram Research – Prime Number
14. Answers.Com –
Prime Numbers
15. University of Tennessee – The Largest Known Prime
16. Wikipedia – GIMPS – Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search
17. Clay Mathematics Institute – Riemann Hypothesis
18. Answers.com – Pi

Software Products
1. Wolfram Research –
Mathematica 5.2
2. Mersenne.org – Free GIMPS software to search for primes

Books1. Mario Livio –
The Golden Ratio
2. Marcus du Sautoy – The Music of the Primes: Searching to solve the greatest mystery in mathematics
3. Simon Singh –
The Code Book
4. David Wells –
Prime Numbers: The most mysterious figures in Math
5. David Darling –
Equations of Eternity

Tuesday, October 04, 2005

Land of Straight Lines and Beginning of Time

The Land of Straight Lines.

There is a strange planet called Straight Net somewhere in the Andromeda galaxy. So, what is odd or special about it? The land (planet) is built upon objects with straight lines. Which means the planet is a big rectangular land. They play soccer with a cube and rugby with rectangular boxes instead of spherical objects; their body, trees, roads, and animals are built using straight lines.

Now, try to ask straight-lander the following questions. 

1. How do you explain to them about something in a spherical shape (soccer ball, volleyball, etc.)?
2. Can they think about an object which does not have edges?
3. How do you tell them there is a specific shape where you can't specify the object's center (on the surface)?

Here is a conversation with a person from the land of straight lines and a scientist from planet Earth.

Scenario: 

Straightlineman (the person from the straightnet planet) sits on a beautiful couch of flat rosewood. However, he is a little nervous as his new visitor is from another galaxy. What helps their communication is the new intergalactic language translator he bought recently from Salmart stores. His guest didn't find any comfort sitting on the flat wooden sofa either because he knew he would spend some time with the host.

Straightlineman: Hello, you don't seem to belong to this land.
Earthlian: Yes, you are right. I came from a distant place. A place is different than this place.

Straightlineman: Interesting. So, how different is your world? 

Earthlian: Everything looks the same except for one thing. They don't come near me. You are gonna hurt me.

Straightlineman: I don't get it. We are a peace-loving species; of course, there are exceptions. 

Earthlian: You have sharp edges. As a matter of fact, everything in this land is made up of straight lines, which ends up having sharp edges for everything.

Straightlineman: What is so strange about it? Everything in this world is built using straight lines. This whole universe is made using straight lines. Even you are like that.
Earthlian: True. That's because your brain is tuned with the laws of your world. So it rejects things it finds outside that law, and it's projecting my image in a form you can understand easily.

Straightlineman: That's funny. Now you are saying I should not believe my eyes.
Earthlian: You see the mental projection of your brain's interpretation. Your brain interprets much information and filters out information it feels is unnecessary. End of the day, you see what your brain wants you to see. So, even though my image is different, it doesn't look different within the context of your laws.

Straightlineman: OK, OK. No arguments. I need to prove you are right and wrong. However, I would like to understand this new concept rather than try to understand it. (smiles)
Earthlian: Before I explain the new concept, I would like to show you a paragraph (translated to straightnet language by the intergalactic language translator).

"I cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg The phaonmneal pweor of the mnid Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can still raed it wouthit a porbelm.

Tihs is bcuseae the mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig huh? yaeh and I awlyas thought slpeling was necessary."


Earthlian: So, did you notice anything strange?

Straightlineman: Despite the messy spelling, I could read everything correctly on the first attempt. This shows that my mind (brain) interpreted everything correctly when my eyes read it wrong. Now I am getting a feeling where you are going to head. However, I will get uncomfortable with it.

Earthlian: OK, Let us take this step by step. Can you think about a shape that doesn't have any edges?

Straightlineman: Is that a valid question? If you take any shape, let us say a triangle, square, hexagon, pentagon, or any 3-dimensional shape cube, pyramid, anything. Everything has an edge.

Straightlineman: Let us continue this exciting discussion with a cup of coffee. Straightlineman 2
 served two cups of coffee for the stranger and the straightlineman. The cup was made of a cube with the top opened and served in a flat square saucer.

Earthlian: Coffee is pretty good. Let us come back to our topic. Before I answer your query, let me pose another question. Take any of the shapes you mentioned. For example, take a triangle – How many center points (on the surface) will you find?

Straightlineman: Of course, just one central point on the surface, whether it is a triangle, square, hexagon, etc. In the case of 3-dimensional objects, you will find one center point on every side.
Earthlian: So far so good. How about a 3-dimensional object, where you can have infinite center points.

Straightlineman: Infinite number of center points. That's impossible. It is mathematically not possible.
Earthlian: It is possible, however challenging, to explain with the current set of laws.

Straightlineman: By enhancing our laws or with a new set of rules, you can show the mysterious object that may contain infinite center points on the surface.
Earthlian: Yes. Here is a 3-dimensional object made up of triangles.

Straightlineman: Looks interesting. But it still has a lot of surfaces.
Earthlian: Let us add more triangles to this object by reducing the size of the triangles and see what happens?

Straightlineman: It is getting weird. 

Earthlian: Let us add more and more triangles to this object.

Straightlineman struggling to find his breath, he stares at the object and sees a transformation in the visitor. The visitor looks completely different. The visitor has acquired an image that is beyond his imagination.

Epilogue 

Thanks to the magic of triangles ending up as a sphere, in the end, it took great effort to illustrate the concept of the sphere to a person who lived in the Land of Straight Lines.

In the same thought process, is it possible to think about a concept without beginning for Time!

If there is no beginning for Time, then what is the relevance of the concept of past and future?

Are we in a matrix (created by our mind) that imposes the constraint of Time moving in a direction where the past is behind us while the future is in front of us and we live in the present? "
There is no reason to suppose that the world had a beginning. The idea that things must have a beginning is really due to the poverty of our imagination." - Bertrand Russell.


Further Reading

Internet

1. Answers.com - Triangle, Sphere, Geometry
2. Geometry Thru Art -
http://mathforum.org/~sarah/shapiro/triangle.diagonals.html
3. Edwin A. Abbott (1838-1926)
Flatland – A romance of many Dimensions
4. PBS – Time Travel
5. How Stuff Works – How Time Travel will work?
6. Stanford University – Time Travel and Modern Physics
7. Caltech University – Time Travel in Flatland
8. Wikipedia – Grandfather Paradox
9. Absolute Astronomy – Causality (Physics)

* Image courtesy of Intergraph Computer Systems

Thursday, September 22, 2005

How deep is the rabbit hole?

Consider the following experiment.

Imagine your brain is hooked for a neural scan. An object is shown to you, and the neural behavior is recorded. Then, you are asked to remember the same thing, and the doctors re-record the neural behavior.

The most exciting case here is that neural behaviors were the same when you saw the object (using your eyes) and when you remembered it (neural behavior will be the same even if you remember it in your dreams).

So, what is the role of the eyes then? Why is the neural behavior the same when the input comes from two different sources?

The brain processes and tells us the interpretation of the (same type of) electromagnetic signals it receives. In the above experiment, the brain similarly treats the signals from the eyes or the internal memory region. We are in the matrix – jacked in!
The brain processes billions of bits of information per second. However, we know only a few thousand bits of that information, which means we filter (brain blocks it without our knowledge) the rest of the information out.

Does this mean we cannot see things our brain ignores (or blinds us)?

Conversely, we should be able to see things we feel are impossible (usually) and cannot see because that is what our brain (us) believes in. Remember Nostradamus, who could see into the future or hear about the Hindu Sage (in the epics Mahabharata & Ramayana) who had a vision into the future!

If we are part of the 'Whole,' then there is no difference between what is out there (which we see through our eyes) and what we think (our thoughts). It all should be the same (part of the 'Oneness').

Does that mean there should be no concept of what we can see and think?

Why does the action always affect the future? Why cannot it affect the past? Is it because we think about a timeline in a cause-and-effect model and feel it can only move forward?

Does the universe exist if there is no consciousness or if there is no observer to observe the universe?

As per quantum physicsan electron can exist simultaneously in more than one place. It collapses into one (a single state) when it is observed. As per Roger Penrose, the collapse (Road to Realityhappens due to gravity.

Here are the three models which explain the observer and the observed in quantum physics.
 
  1. According to Copenhagen's view of quantum physics, a system does not occupy a definite state or location until it is observed; it exists anywhere in space, and you have a set of probabilities to find the place.
  2. Parallel Universe interpretation proposes that all the probabilities exist in parallel universes, which means one possibility per universe, which constrains us to see two states in a single (this) universe.
  3. According to Roger Penrose, gravity collapses all these states into a single state, which we observe.
Reality

This forces us to rethink reality. What is the reality? Is that what we see through our eyes? Or is it something that our brain tells us to believe?

One should know that nature is an illusion ('Maya'), and the Brahman is the illusion maker.
- Svetasvatara Upanishad
The mustard seed is larger than the kingdom of heaven
 Jesus Christ.
We were parted many thousands of kalpas ago, yet we have not been separated even for a moment
- Hinduism

Further reading


Internet

  1. Discover Magazine - If an Electron Can Be in Two Places at Once, Why Can’t You? (June 2005 Cover story)
  2. Physics Web - Quantum theory: weird and wonderful
  3. Thomas J McFarlane - The Illusion of materialism
  4. NeuroQuantology – A Journal of Neuro Science and Quantum Physics
  5. Nostradamus – Life and Prophecies of Nostradamus
  6. Bleep – What the Bleep do we know?
  7. Times Online – No Miracle Cure for Junk Science: By Simon Singh
Books

  1. Roger Penrose – Road to Reality
  2. Amit Goswami – Self Aware Universe
  3. Masaru Emoto – The Hidden Messages in Water

Thursday, September 08, 2005

on God, Heaven & Hell

On God, Creation & Science

- I do not believe in the current concept of God and Creation.

The theory of the Big Bang was a giant leap in understanding the Universe's origin. However, like the concept of God Creating this Universe, the Big Bang theory produced another big question: What happened before the Big Bang? One of the reasons I liked the cyclic model instead of the Big Bang in the standard model is the infinite Big Bang by the collision of two membranes (a scientific hypothesis now). This does not mean that the standard model is wrong. The new hypothetical cyclic model is an extension of the standard model. Extra dimensions and colliding universes are the by-products of String theory, which is gaining momentum in unifying the theory of relativity and quantum theory. I like to know the internals on how and why rather than believe anything just by ‘faith.’

- I do not believe science and religion are on a warpath (I mean, do not have conflicts of interest).

Religious faith and scientific quests are trying to reach the same destination. However, the only difference is they both took different routes to reach the goal. There is nothing like the right route and the wrong route. Both ways are right. You have the choice to choose the path for your Journey. 

“My journey started long before I was born, and it will not end with my death, The Journey towards the Eternity - in search of our existence.”


The Final Destination

Finding God is not the destination in my model. Understanding the concept of being part of the ‘WHOLE’ is impossible if the thought ‘I’ is buried in our minds. We need to detach from ‘Self’. That is what Christ, Buddha, and others said. ‘Find the truth’

The problem of Creation by the intelligent designer results in a Creator and its by-products (Universe, earth, humans, animals, etc.). Like a software engineer who creates a software product or an Architect who builds a house. This raises the fundamental question:

1. What is primary? Matter or consciousness?
2. Is there a beginning for time?

- Wholeness, Oneness & Holographic Universe

The concept of ‘Wholeness’ or 'Oneness' will break the idea of God as the Omnipotent, then there is God (the all-power, all-knowing entity, the humans (emotional species), trees, animals, birds, etc. The concept of ‘Self’ equates to individuality, character, ego, etc., and places us in a localized environment created by our conscious mind. We separate the thinker from the thought, which reflects, in our modern language, is based on the pattern “subject-verb-object” that clearly separates the subject from the object, Whereas the key is the verb that makes the connection.

In this model, everything is localized, while quantum physics and Eastern mysticism talk about non-localization, where everything is connected. The dualism in the Cartesian model merges into ONE, where the Universe is considered one giant hologram.

A hologram is a 3D picture. The remarkable feature is that if a hologram (picture) of an apple is cut into two, each half of the print will contain the entire 3D image of the apple. If you slice the (apple) two halves again, it will still include the ‘whole’ 3D picture of the apple. Compared to a conventional image of an apple, if you cut it into half, each half contains half of the apple picture.

David Bohm proposed the concept of the Universe as a hologram after the experiment by Alain Aspect (in 1982). They (Aspect and his team) discovered that under certain circumstances, subatomic particles such as photons (bosons) can instantaneously communicate with each other regardless of the distance separating them. This is irrespective of whether they are 10 feet apart or on the other side of the Universe. This odd behavior is called the EPR paradox, named after Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen's thought experiment, proposed in 1935. However, this violates Einstein’s principle that nothing can travel faster than the speed of light. Bohm believes that Aspect’s findings imply that objective reality as we know or experience (with our senses) does not exist.


The concept of Oneness goes far beyond our localized thought process where we create a virtual world to place our beliefs and ourselves, and as per Hinduism,
 this world (virtual) is known as ‘Maya,’ an illusion. 
Understanding this reality helps us to get into the altered state, the Final Destination.

Destination in Religion – Nirvana
Destination in Science – Perfection

Here is an exciting thought. If you don’t need a camera lens to take a picture of 3 3-dimensional apples using the holographic method (Read the holography technique), do we really need our eyes?

On Heaven & Hell

If I had a choice, I would choose Hell. For the past 14 years, I have been playing the role of a software engineer/architect in building new software products and bug-fixing existing software. So, I assume that If there is a Hell, then it must be Heaven gone haywire with bugs beyond repair, and God decided to dump it and create a new Heaven fresh and made sure that he didn’t repeat the same mistakes. 

Now, why did I choose Hell? Simple. To fix the bug!

To fix the bug, I need to understand the internals of Hell, which helps me understand the internals of Heaven. What would happen if I could fix it! Get promoted from Developer to Architect! Then, get venture capital funding to build another Heaven. If it ended up being hell, then send Consultants to fix it and charge an hourly rate :-)


Further Reading

Internet

1. David Bohm - Bridging Science, Philosophy and Cognition
2. Discover Magazine - Before the Big Bang (2004 February Cover Story)
3. Discover Magazine - Testing the String theory (2005 August Cover Story)
4.
F David Peat – Implicate Order By David Bohm
5.
Jeffrey Mishlove – Consciousness and the New Physics
6. Rene Descartes - Cartesian Dualism: Mind and Brain interaction
7. Dr. Karl Pribram (Professor of neuropsychology at Stanford University)Holographic Brain,
8. Jeff Prideaux - Comparison on Karl Pribram’s Holographic Brain Theory and conventional models of neuronal computation.

9. Wikipedia – EPR (Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, Nathan Rosen) Paradox

Books


1. David Bohm – Wholeness and the Implicate Order
2. Michael Talbot - Holographic Universe
3. Brian Greene - Elegant Universe
4. Michio Kaku - Parallel Worlds (Author of HyperSpace)
5. Dr. A M Nicholi Jr. - The Question of God - C.S Lewis and Sigmund Freud Debate God
6.
Bertrand Russel - Why I am not a Christian
7. Dan Brown - Angels & Demons (Fiction)